In cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CR-MANETs), secondary users cancooperatively sense the spectrum to detect the presence of primary users. Inthis chapter, we propose a fully distributed and scalable cooperative spectrumsensing scheme based on recent advances in consensus algorithms. In theproposed scheme, the secondary users can maintain coordination based on onlylocal information exchange without a centralized common receiver. We use theconsensus of secondary users to make the final decision. The proposed scheme isessentially based on recent advances in consensus algorithms that have takeninspiration from complex natural phenomena including flocking of birds,schooling of fish, swarming of ants and honeybees. Unlike the existingcooperative spectrum sensing schemes, there is no need for a centralizedreceiver in the proposed schemes, which make them suitable in distributedCR-MANETs. Simulation results show that the proposed consensus schemes can havesignificant lower missing detection probabilities and false alarm probabilitiesin CR-MANETs. It is also demonstrated that the proposed scheme not only hasproven sensitivity in detecting the primary user's presence, but also hasrobustness in choosing a desirable decision threshold.
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